VBAP

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Vector Based Amplitude Panning

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Proposed by Ville Pulkki in 1997

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Essentially an extension of equal power panning for multi-channel setups

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Sound source position is represented by a vector pointing to the direction of the source

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The position is then rendered to a loudspeaker layout

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Sound sources are rendered as virtual sources by doing equal power panning among the nearest loudspeakers

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So the mix is "portable" and can be easily rendered to any particular speaker setup

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The quality of rendering depends on loudspeaker density

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But sound is always rendered *somewhere* in the best position depending on the loudspeaker layout

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2D and 3D versions

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In 2D, a virtual source is rendered between the two loudspeakers

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In 3D, a virtual source is rendered in the middle of a triangle between three speakers

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Many VBAP or VBAP-like systems implement a "spread" or "width" control

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This just copies the sound to a greater number of loudspeakers

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Any change in the width perceived is thanks to the room, not the loudspeaker layout or VBAP!

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Will produce different effect on different venues

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Practical issues

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Speaker layout and density

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This technique works best with regular and dense speaker layouts

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When one of these is sacrificied, the renderer tries to make the "optimal" solution

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Speaker distance

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Precedence effect!